Preface xi
An introduction to research methods and 1 (23)
traditions
Research traditions in applied linguistics 1 (9)
The status of knowledge 10 (2)
Some key concepts in research 12 (5)
Action research 17 (3)
Conclusion 20 (1)
Questions and tasks 21 (2)
Further reading 23 (1)
The experimental method 24 (28)
The context of experimentation 24 (4)
The logic of statistical inference 28 (9)
Additional statistical tools 37 (3)
Types of experiments 40 (1)
The Psychometric study: an example 41 (6)
Conclusion 47 (1)
Questions and tasks 48 (3)
Further reading 51 (1)
Ethnography 52 (22)
Principles of ethnographic research 53 (5)
The reliability and validity of ethnography 58 (6)
The importance of context in ethnographic 64 (4)
inquiry
Contrasting psychometry and ethnography 68 (3)
Conclusion 71 (1)
Questions and tasks 71 (2)
Further reading 73 (1)
Case study 74 (17)
Defining case studies 74 (5)
Reliability and validity of case study 79 (2)
research
Single case research 81 (2)
The case study: an example 83 (5)
Conclusion 88 (1)
Questions and tasks 89 (1)
Further reading 90 (1)
Classroom observation and research 91 (24)
Methods of classroom observation and 91 (11)
research
A review of research 102(3)
Classroom research: sample studies 105(4)
Conclusion 109(1)
Questions and tasks 110(4)
Further reading 114(1)
Introspective methods 115(21)
Some early introspective methods 116(2)
Diary studies 118(6)
Retrospection 124(5)
A sample study using introspection 129(3)
Conclusion 132(1)
Questions and tasks 132(3)
Further reading 135(1)
Elicitation techniques 136(23)
Production tasks 136(4)
Surveys 140(3)
Questionnaires 143(6)
Interviews 149(4)
A sample study 153(3)
Conclusion 156(1)
Questions and tasks 157(1)
Further reading 158(1)
Interaction analysis 159(25)
Comparing discourse analysis, interaction 159(3)
analysis, and conversation analysis
Child-adult interaction 162(6)
Adult-adult interaction: interpersonal 168(2)
encounters
Adult-adult interaction: transactional 170(4)
encounters
Interaction analysis in a cross-cultural 174(3)
context
Conclusion 177(1)
Question and tasks 178(5)
Further reading 183(1)
Program evaluation 184(27)
Defining evaluation 184(1)
The relationship between assessment and 185(4)
evaluation
The importance of process data in program 189(1)
evaluation
Points of focus for program evaluation 190(3)
Evaluation and research 193(3)
Elements in the design of an evaluation 196(5)
study
Doing evaluation: a case study 201(7)
Conclusion 208(1)
Questions and tasks 209(1)
Further reading 210(1)
Doing research 211(18)
Developing a research question 211(5)
The literature review 216(2)
Implementing the research project 218(2)
Presenting the research 220(6)
Conclusion 226(1)
Questions and tasks 227(1)
Further reading 228(1)
Glossary of key terms in research 229(5)
References 234(11)
Index 245